Cross-platform / portability Guidelines

How to make native C/C++ software portable across operating systems and targets by concentrating every OS dependency behind a thin abstraction, porting one backend at a time, and reaching new targets including the web and new input hardware. The renderer architecture itself lives in gpu-rendering-guide (and gpu-rendering-vulkan-guide for one API); build-system mechanics live in cmake-guide; the C dialect's per-platform file-naming in c99-opinionated-guide.

Requirements

• A codebase where OS access can be (or already is) funneled through interfaces, not called inline throughout app/engine code.
• A build system that can select one backend translation unit per target and define per-platform macros.

Essentials

• One interface for all OS calls - A function-pointer struct (or build-selected header) per concern; callers never #ifdef or call an OS API directly, see references/platform-abstraction-layer.md
• Stub, then fill, in interactivity order - Window → input → OS services → audio; the program links against stubs from hour one, see references/porting-strategy.md
• The web is a backend with hard constraints - Cooperative main loop, async I/O, GL ES mapping, 32-bit pointers, see references/web-wasm-builds.md
• Devices are a backend too - Enumerate, probe, poll non-blocking, map by code, behind the input-source interface, see references/input-devices.md

Abstraction and Porting

• No scattered #ifdef - Platform variance lives in backend translation units, not in portable logic, see references/platform-abstraction-layer.md
• Design the interface first - Shape it before any backend so it doesn't bake in one platform's assumptions, see references/platform-abstraction-layer.md
• Toolchain differences are real bugs - Stricter compilers, pointer width, struct padding; fix at the root, see references/porting-strategy.md
• CI per target - A platform not in the build matrix regresses silently on the next portable-code edit, see references/porting-strategy.md

Web / WebAssembly

• Yield the frame to the browser - Replace the blocking native loop with a per-frame callback, see references/web-wasm-builds.md
• All I/O is async - Preload assets into the virtual FS or fetch at runtime; no blocking file/network reads, see references/web-wasm-builds.md
• Renderer maps down to GL ES/WebGPU - Route the 2D/UI stream through WebGL; defer or stream 3D, see references/web-wasm-builds.md
• 32-bit, committed, growable memory - Re-pad structs, enable memory growth, drop reserve-then-commit allocators, see references/web-wasm-builds.md

Input Devices

• Enumerate from the device directory - Read /dev/input, prefer stable by-id/by-path symlinks over eventN, see references/input-devices.md
• Probe before trusting - Confirm capability bits (e.g. BTN_GAMEPAD) and read per-axis range/deadzone, see references/input-devices.md
• Poll non-blocking + hotplug - select/poll then read; watch the directory for plug/unplug, see references/input-devices.md
• Map by code, not conditionals - A table keyed on the OS code handles 1:1, 2:1, 1:2 mappings, see references/input-devices.md

Gotchas

• A backend that leaks a raw OS handle (file descriptor, window handle, connection) re-couples callers to one platform: keep the type opaque at the interface boundary.
• Reverse-engineering the abstraction from one platform bakes that platform's assumptions in (one global clipboard, OS-reported relative mouse motion); design the interface before the first backend.
• A stricter target compiler surfacing new warnings almost always means the warnings were always real: fix void f() → void f(void), unused vars, and declaration mismatches rather than suppressing.
• 32-bit pointers (Wasm) silently change struct padding, breaking any hash/memcmp keyed on the byte layout; widen keys and re-pad for that build.
• A blocking while (running) loop hangs the browser tab; the browser owns the frame clock, so the frame must be a callback that returns each iteration.
• fopen that "works natively" returns nothing in the browser unless the file was preloaded into the virtual filesystem or fetched asynchronously first.
• A device node under /dev/input is not necessarily the device you want: a keyboard and a gamepad both appear there; verify capability bits before mapping.
• Raw eventN numbers and per-device axis ranges are not stable or symmetric; bind off the by-id symlink and normalize using the queried min/max and flat deadzone.

Progressive Disclosure

• Read references/platform-abstraction-layer.md - Load when designing or refactoring the OS-abstraction interface, removing scattered #ifdefs, or adding a per-platform backend
• Read references/porting-strategy.md - Load when bringing the software up on a new OS: ordering the work, stubbing, handling compiler/toolchain and pointer-width differences, CI matrix
• Read references/web-wasm-builds.md - Load when compiling to the web via Emscripten/WebAssembly: main loop, async I/O, GL ES/WebGPU mapping, memory growth, build flags, static linking
• Read references/input-devices.md - Load when enumerating/reading input devices (gamepads via evdev), handling hotplug, or mapping buttons/axes behind the input interface