rust

rust

Core Concepts

• Ownership + Borrowing: each value has one owner, references (&/&mut) temporarily lend access without transferring ownership
• Structs + Enums + Traits: structs for data grouping, enums for sum types with pattern matching, traits for shared behavior
• Pattern Matching: exhaustive match arms, if let for single patterns, destructuring tuples/structs/enums

Error Handling

• Result<T, E>: recoverable errors with ? operator for propagation
• Option<T>: nullable values, unwrap/expect for prototyping, map/and_then for chaining
• Custom error types: thiserror derive for library errors, anyhow for application-level error handling

Async & Concurrency

• async/await: zero-cost futures, tokio runtime for I/O, tasks with tokio::spawn
• Channels: tokio::sync::mpsc for multi-producer, tokio::sync::oneshot for one-shot
• Shared state: Arc<Mutex<T>> for shared mutable state across tasks

Common Cargo Patterns

• Cargo.toml: dependencies, features, profiles (dev/release)
• Tests: #[test] attribute, #[cfg(test)] module, cargo test with --test for integration
• Common crates: serde (serialization), tokio (async runtime), reqwest (HTTP client), clap (CLI parsing)