Dart

Isolates

Dart uses isolates for concurrency — independent workers with their own memory heap. Communicate via SendPort / ReceivePort message passing. No shared state, no data races.

Asynchronous: Futures and Streams

Futures represent single async values with .then() and async/await. Streams emit sequences of values over time, supporting listen(), map(), where(), and async* generators.

Null Safety

Sound null safety is enforced at compile time. Types are non-nullable by default. Use ? for nullable types, late for delayed initialization, and ! for null assertion.

Records and Patterns

Records are lightweight anonymous data aggregates ((name, age)). Patterns enable destructuring in variable declarations, switch expressions, and collection matching.

Dart FFI

dart:ffi provides C-language interop. Define native types, call external functions, manage memory manually. Supports ABI-specific types and handle-based APIs.

Pub Package Manager

pub add, pub get, pub publish. Packages hosted on pub.dev. Supports semantic versioning, lockfiles, and workspace-style packages.

Flutter Integration

Dart is the language of Flutter. Key libraries like dart:ui, package:flutter/material.dart, and platform channels are designed around Dart's reactive model.

dart:convert

Built-in JSON, UTF-8, Base64, and LineSplitter encoders/decoders. jsonDecode / jsonEncode for serialization. Support for codec chaining.