Physics System

FixedUpdate Discipline

All physics code goes in FixedUpdate. Input reading happens in InputView.Update (see architecture rules) and is forwarded to the System, which applies forces in FixedUpdate from the cached value.

// InputView.cs — reads input in Update, forwards to System
private void Update()
{
    Vector2 moveInput = _controls.Player.Move.ReadValue<Vector2>();
    _playerSystem.SetMoveInput(moveInput);
}

// PlayerView.cs — applies physics in FixedUpdate from System-owned cached input
private Vector2 _moveInput;

public void SetMoveInput(Vector2 input) => _moveInput = input;

private void FixedUpdate()
{
    _rigidbody.AddForce(_moveInput * _force);
}

Non-Allocating Queries

// Pre-allocate buffers
private static readonly RaycastHit[] _hitBuffer = new RaycastHit[16];
private static readonly Collider[] _overlapBuffer = new Collider[32];

// Raycast
int hitCount = Physics.RaycastNonAlloc(origin, direction, _hitBuffer, maxDistance, layerMask);
for (int i = 0; i < hitCount; i++)
{
    RaycastHit hit = _hitBuffer[i];
    // Process hit
}

// Overlap sphere (area detection)
int overlapCount = Physics.OverlapSphereNonAlloc(center, radius, _overlapBuffer, layerMask);

// Sphere cast (fat raycast)
int castCount = Physics.SphereCastNonAlloc(origin, radius, direction, _hitBuffer, maxDistance, layerMask);

Layer Collision Matrix

// Ignore collisions between layers programmatically
Physics.IgnoreLayerCollision(playerLayer, pickupLayer, true);

// Or configure in Edit > Project Settings > Physics > Layer Collision Matrix

Layer organization:

6: Player
7: Ground
8: Enemy
9: Projectile
10: Trigger (no physics collision, triggers only)
11: Interactable

Collision Detection Modes

Mode	Use When
Discrete	Slow objects (default)
Continuous	Fast objects that might tunnel through thin colliders
Continuous Dynamic	Fast objects colliding with other fast objects
Continuous Speculative	Good balance of accuracy and performance

Collision vs Trigger Callbacks

// Collision (both have colliders, at least one has Rigidbody, neither is trigger)
private void OnCollisionEnter(Collision collision) { }
private void OnCollisionStay(Collision collision) { }
private void OnCollisionExit(Collision collision) { }

// Trigger (at least one collider has isTrigger = true)
private void OnTriggerEnter(Collider other) { }
private void OnTriggerStay(Collider other) { }
private void OnTriggerExit(Collider other) { }

Physics.SyncTransforms

After moving a transform directly, physics queries won't reflect the new position until the next physics step. Force sync:

transform.position = newPosition;
Physics.SyncTransforms(); // Now raycasts see the new position

Rigidbody Configuration

• Interpolation: Interpolate for player (smooths between physics steps), None for others
• Constraints: Freeze rotation for 2D-like behavior in 3D
• Collision Detection: Continuous for fast-moving objects

2D Physics Equivalents

3D	2D
Rigidbody	Rigidbody2D
BoxCollider	BoxCollider2D
Physics.Raycast	Physics2D.Raycast
Physics.OverlapSphereNonAlloc	Physics2D.OverlapCircleNonAlloc
OnCollisionEnter(Collision)	OnCollisionEnter2D(Collision2D)
OnTriggerEnter(Collider)	OnTriggerEnter2D(Collider2D)

Joints

Joint	Use
Fixed	Weld objects together
Hinge	Doors, wheels
Spring	Bouncy connections
Configurable	Full control over all axes
Character	Character controller with physics