C++26 Static Reflection (P2996)

When to use

Any task asking for compile-time or runtime introspection of struct fields:

• Print field names (["a","b","c.d"])
• Generate serializers / JSON keys
• Build generic to_tuple / visitor
• Inject opt-in recursion into nested types

Required: -std=c++2c -freflection on GCC ≥ 16 (or Clang/EDG once shipped). Use <meta> + <print> headers. std::println("{...}", vec) prints vectors in the ["a", "b"] form users expect.

The one pattern that actually works today

GCC 16.1 ships <meta> and the template for syntax, but its std::vector allocator is not constexpr-friendly. Storing the result of std::meta::nonstatic_data_members_of in a constexpr variable or using it inside a consteval function fails with:

... is not a constant expression because it refers to a result of operator new

The escape hatch: wrap the call in std::define_static_array / std::define_static_string, which promote the result into static storage that is a valid constant expression. Then iterate via template for.

template<class T>
consteval const char* names_csv() {
    std::string s;
    static constexpr auto arr = std::define_static_array(
        std::meta::nonstatic_data_members_of(
            ^^T, std::meta::access_context::unprivileged()));
    template for (constexpr std::meta::info m : arr) {
        std::string n{std::meta::identifier_of(m)};
        using M = [: std::meta::type_of(m) :];     // type alias splice
        if (!s.empty()) s.push_back(',');
        if constexpr (should_recurse<M>::value) {
            const char* p = names_csv<M>();
            while (*p) {
                if (*p == ',') { s.push_back(','); ++p; }
                else { s += n; s.push_back('.');
                       while (*p && *p != ',') s.push_back(*p++); }
            }
        } else {
            s += n;
        }
    }
    return std::define_static_string(s);  // static const char*, lifetime-safe
}

Then a non-consteval runtime split converts the comma-joined string into std::vector<std::string>. Ponytail: don't try to return std::vector<info> or std::vector<std::string> directly from a consteval fn in GCC 16.

Pitfalls (verified this session)

1. constexpr auto ms = std::meta::members_of(...) → fail. The returned std::vector<info> calls ::operator new at constexpr time. GCC 16 rejects it as non-constant. Always wrap with std::define_static_array.
2. std::meta::tuple_size(vector<info>) → fail. tuple_size takes std::meta::info, not a vector. The vector returned by members_of isn't a tuple-reflection. Don't try to count first and index later — no size-only consteval helper exists.
3. Loop index in consteval must be constexpr. Plain for (size_t i = 0; i < n; ++i) works only if n is constexpr. Prefer template for (constexpr info m : arr).
4. Splice in template-arg position requires parenthesization, or an alias. should_recurse<[:type_of(m):]>::value fails with "expected a type" on some GCC versions. Use using M = [:type_of(m):]; should_recurse<M>::value.
5. static constexpr auto arr is required. Without static, GCC complains "address of non-static constexpr variable may differ on each invocation". template for needs a constant address.
6. std::println inside consteval → fail. It's not constexpr. Always compute inside consteval, print in main().
7. std::vector return from consteval → fail (operator new). Return const char* from a static string and parse at runtime.
8. Avoid members_of (all members) — prefer nonstatic_data_members_of: you almost never want functions or types in your field-name list.
9. Recursive struct detection needs an opt-in marker. Use typename T::_reflect SFINAE trait — auto-recurse would explode for types like cv::Mat whose fields you don't want enumerated.

Minimal usage

#include <meta>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <print>

template<class, class = void> struct should_recurse : std::false_type {};
template<class T>
struct should_recurse<T, std::void_t<typename T::_reflect>> : std::true_type {};

template<class T>
consteval const char* names_csv();  // forward

template<class T>
consteval const char* names_csv() {
    std::string s;
    static constexpr auto arr = std::define_static_array(
        std::meta::nonstatic_data_members_of(
            ^^T, std::meta::access_context::unprivileged()));
    template for (constexpr std::meta::info m : arr) {
        std::string n{std::meta::identifier_of(m)};
        using M = [: std::meta::type_of(m) :];
        if (!s.empty()) s.push_back(',');
        if constexpr (should_recurse<M>::value) {
            for (const char* p = names_csv<M>(); *p; ) {
                if (*p == ',') { s.push_back(','); ++p; }
                else { s += n; s.push_back('.');
                       while (*p && *p != ',') s.push_back(*p++); }
            }
        } else { s += n; }
    }
    return std::define_static_string(s);
}

template<class T>
std::vector<std::string> reflect() {
    std::vector<std::string> out;
    std::string_view csv{names_csv<T>()};
    std::size_t start = 0;
    for (std::size_t i = 0; i <= csv.size(); ++i)
        if (i == csv.size() || csv[i] == ',')
            out.emplace_back(csv.substr(start, i - start)),
            start = i + 1;
    return out;
}

struct B { using _reflect = void; int a; bool b; };
struct A { int a; bool b; B c; };
// reflect<A>() → ["a","b","c.a","c.b"]

int main() { std::println("{}", reflect<A>()); } → ["a", "b", "c.a", "c.b"]

How to verify

Always run the binary after writing. Ponytail: this class of code ships wrong reflections constantly (empty list, double commas, missing children). One compile && run is the smallest check.

g++ -std=c++2c -freflection main.cpp -o main && ./main

Expected: ["a", "b", "c.a", "c.b", ...] matching your struct's expanded leaf paths. If you see ,, or trailing empties, the comma-state machine has an off-by-one — re-derive from a single inline example.

When NOT to add this skill

• You're doing runtime RTTI (typeid, dynamic_cast) → not reflection.
• You need type-erased runtime member access → use std::any or a manual vtable, not P2996.
• Compiler is older than GCC 16 / Clang-EDG without -freflection → fall back to Boost.PFR or hand-rolled tuple wrappers.

Debugging recipe (when "expected X, got Y")

Output you see	Cause	Fix
compile error: operator new in consteval	vector<info> leaked	wrap in define_static_array
compile error: i was not declared constexpr	index loop in consteval	switch to template for
compile error: expected a type on splice	bare splice in template-arg pos	use using M = [:...:]; first
runtime: empty []	access_context blocked	use unprivileged()
runtime: ["a","b","c.a","c.b,,","d"]	double comma in prefix loop	pick exactly one place to push ,
runtime: ["a","b","c","d"] (missing children)	no _reflect marker, or trait missing typename keyword	typename T::_reflect in void_t