MANDATORY EXECUTION POLICY — READ BEFORE PROCEEDING

You MUST run the actual model binary or package described in this document. If the model fails to import, compile, or execute, you MUST:

Check diagnostics/triplets.yaml for a matching error pattern

Try the fix suggested in the triplet's remedy section

If still failing, report the error to the user with full details

You MUST NOT substitute a simplified Python formula, regression equation, or hand-coded approximation in place of the real model. Doing so produces scientifically invalid results and defeats the purpose of the KI.

Before starting, run: python preflight_check.py (in this KI directory) to verify that the model binary/package and required data are available.

DEBUGGING PROTOCOL — When something goes wrong, follow this order:

Check triplets — diagnostics/triplets.yaml may already cover this error

Read official docs — The model's own documentation for expected formats/units

Find working examples — Check outputs/ or the model's shipped test data

Fix the tool — With knowledge of what "correct" looks like

Do NOT write custom debug scripts. The answers are in the docs and examples.

KI map — what to read, and when

when you need	read	why
FIRST, always	`preflight_check.py`	run it (`python preflight_check.py`): proves env/binary/data are usable and emits a machine-readable `PREFLIGHT_REPORT=` line. Do not debug a run that never had a healthy environment.
to run the pipeline stages	`tools/` (23 tools)	the executable pipeline. Read each tool's argparse (`--help`) before composing a command; SKILL.md's stage table says which tool serves which stage.
before running a stage	`docs/s_.md` (10 stage docs)	per-stage procedure, verification and traps — the how-to that SKILL.md's overview compresses.
on ANY error, before debugging	`diagnostics/triplets.yaml` (25 entries)	symptom → diagnosis → remedy for this model's known failure modes. Check here FIRST; the answer usually exists. Never renumber or rewrite entries.
to know what an output IS	`dag.yaml`	the model's identity: every output's medium, units, `validation_rank` (1 = the headline variable) and observability. Scoring and obs-binding read THIS — when asked 'what does this model predict', the dag is the answer, not a guess.
when building inputs / parsing outputs	`docs/format_spec.yaml`	exact I/O shapes + `known_issues`, projected from dag + triplets. Regenerate with `ki_tools_common/generate_format_spec.py` after changing either — never hand-edit.
to judge a run's skill	`docs/validation_convention.yaml`	how this model's field judges it validated: per-`dag_variable` metrics, directions and CITED pass-bands. A run is graded against these, not against intuition.
for claims and thresholds	`docs/gathered_papers.json` (20 papers) + `docs/papers_index.md`	the literature this KI is judged by; each entry's `text_path` is fetched full text in the central paper cache. `role: benchmark` marks the model's own skill paper.
for a machine-readable summary	`knowledge_infrastructure.yaml`	the manifest (package, pipeline, validation tier, counts) — projected by `ki_tools_common/generate_ki_manifest.py`; regenerate after structural changes, never hand-edit.

Projected 2026-08-17 from the KI's actual contents — 9 components present. Refresh: python3 ki_tools_common/generate_skill_map.py --ki_dir <this KI>.

Executable tool index (projected — complete by construction)

Every public tool in this KI, by exact path. What each is FOR lives in the human-written Tool Inventory above; --help on any of these prints its arguments.

23 public tools; _-prefixed helpers and packaging files excluded.

HYPE -- Knowledge Infrastructure Skill Document

Version: 1.0.0 Domain: semi-distributed hydrology with integrated nutrient transport Last updated: 2026-08-18 Validation status: production_validated

1. Model Identity

Property	Value
Full name	HYPE (HYdrological Predictions for the Environment)
Version	5.35.0
Language	Fortran 90
License	LGPL-3.0-only
Repository	https://sourceforge.net/projects/hype/files/release_hype_5_35_0/
Citation	SMHI HYPE 5.35.0 source and this KI's gathered papers
Primary domain	Semi-distributed hydrology with integrated nutrient transport
Spatial mode	Semi-distributed subbasin/SLC

2. What This Model Does

HYPE simulates subbasin water balance, routing, snow, evapotranspiration, soil water, groundwater, lake/reservoir effects, and coupled nitrogen/phosphorus transport. It uses subbasins connected by MAINDOWN topology, with each subbasin divided into SLC (soil-land use class) fractions.

3. Input Requirements

Exact shapes live in docs/format_spec.yaml (projected from dag + triplets; regenerate it, never hand-edit). This section explains intent and gotchas; the spec file is the contract.

3.1 Meteorological Forcing

Variable	Unit model expects	Source dataset	Source unit	Conversion
Precipitation	mm/day	CMFD/MSWX/NASA POWER through `ki_tools_common.load_forcing`	CMFD kg/m^2/s or 3-hourly depth; MSWX 3-hourly depth	convert to daily total; CMFD kg/m^2/s uses timestep conversion before daily sum
Temperature	deg C	CMFD/MSWX/NASA POWER through `ki_tools_common.load_forcing`	CMFD K; MSWX deg C	CMFD subtract 273.15, then daily mean
Shortwave radiation	MJ/m^2/day	CMFD/MSWX when PET model requires it	W/m^2	daily mean then convert to MJ/m^2/day
Wind speed	m/s	CMFD/MSWX when PET model 5 requires it	m/s	daily mean
Humidity	fraction	CMFD/MSWX when PET model 5 requires it	kg/kg or RH source field	convert to relative humidity fraction

3.2 Static Inputs

Input	Source	Tool that prepares it
Subbasins and MAINDOWN routing	DEM-derived watershed topology	`tools/s1_subbasin_delineation/`
Soil-land use class fractions	Land cover + soil data	`tools/s2_slc_classification/`
GeoData/GeoClass	Delineation + SLC products	`tools/s4_geodata_generation/`
Parameters	WWH defaults, literature, or calibration setup	`tools/s5_parameter_setup/` and `tools/s10_calibration/`
Lake/reservoir configuration	HydroLAKES + GRanD	`tools/s6_lake_reservoir_config/`

3.3 Configuration Files

File	Format	Notes
`info.txt`	whitespace/tab-delimited HYPE control file	directory paths must end with `/`; sets dates, paths, outputs, PET/snow options, calibration
`GeoData.txt`	tab-separated subbasin table	includes SUBID, MAINDOWN, AREA, SLC fractions, RIVLEN, coordinates, elevation, slope, lake fields
`GeoClass.txt`	tab-separated SLC class table	land use, soil, crop, vegtype, special code, stream depth, soil layers
`par.txt`	HYPE parameter file	value counts must match max land-use and soil IDs
`Pobs.txt`, `Tobs.txt`, optional forcing files	tab-separated daily time series	header row is line 1; no `!!` comments
`Qobs.txt`	tab-separated observed discharge	optional for scoring/calibration; units are m^3/s

4. Build Instructions

The production binary is KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype. If rebuilding from source, use the HYPE 5.35.0 source directory and compile without NetCDF unless NetCDF output is explicitly required:

cd KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype_5_35_0_src/
make comp=gfortran

Known build issues are captured in diagnostics/triplets.yaml, including dt_b01 (unnecessary NetCDF linker flags) and dt_b02 (unsupported or overly strict gfortran setup).

5. Execution

Before any run, execute the KI preflight from this directory:

python preflight_check.py

Run the actual HYPE binary or the KI's stage-7 wrapper; do not replace it with a simplified formula or surrogate:

KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype ./
python tools/s7_execution/run_hype.py --project_dir <path>

The direct binary argument must end with /, because HYPE concatenates the directory string with info.txt.

6. Output Description

Source: dag.yaml. The dag is the model's identity. If this section ever disagrees with dag.yaml, the dag wins and this section is the bug.

Headline output (the dag's validation_rank: 1 variable):

cout -- Simulated outflow (discharge) from the outlet lake / subbasin, positive flow only. (m^3/s)

Extracted dag facts:

RANK-1 OUTPUT: var=cout, unit=m^3/s, description=Simulated outflow (discharge) from the outlet lake / subbasin, positive flow only.
Other dag outputs: snow, evap, soim, gwat, wcom, c1TN, c1TP

Output variable (dag `var`)	Rank	File	Unit	Description
`cout`	1	`timeCOUT.txt` / subbasin output files	m^3/s	Simulated outflow (discharge) from the outlet lake / subbasin, positive flow only.
`evap`	2	`timeEVAP.txt`	mm/day	Actual evapotranspiration from subbasin soil water and land surface.
`snow`	3	`timeSNOW.txt`	mm	Snow water equivalent, subbasin land-area average.
`soim`	4	`timeSOIM.txt`	mm	Computed soil moisture (root zone and full profile).
`gwat`	5	`timeGWAT.txt`	m	Groundwater table level (negative downward from surface).
`wcom`	6	`timeWCOM.txt`	m	Water level of the outlet lake at end of timestep, in the user reference system (via w0ref).
`c1TN`	7	`timeC1TN.txt`	ug/L	Modelled total nitrogen concentration in surface-water main outflow.
`c1TP`	8	`timeC1TP.txt`	ug/L	Modelled total phosphorus concentration in surface-water main outflow.

The dag output set is cout, snow, evap, soim, gwat, wcom, c1TN, and c1TP.

7. Tool Inventory

Tool area	Purpose	Inputs	Outputs
`tools/s1_subbasin_delineation/`	Delineate subbasins and routing topology	DEM/domain inputs	Subbasin polygons and MAINDOWN
`tools/s2_slc_classification/`	Compute SLC fractions	land cover and soil data	SLC tables/fractions
`tools/s3_forcing_preparation/convert_forcing_to_hype.py`	Convert forcing to HYPE format	daily forcing dict or source grids	`Pobs.txt`, `Tobs.txt`, optional forcing files
`tools/s4_geodata_generation/`	Generate HYPE static files	subbasins and SLC products	`GeoData.txt`, `GeoClass.txt`
`tools/s5_parameter_setup/`	Prepare parameters	defaults, literature, basin setup	`par.txt`
`tools/s6_lake_reservoir_config/`	Configure lakes and dams	HydroLAKES, GRanD, GeoData	`LakeData.txt`, `DamData.txt`
`tools/s7_execution/run_hype.py`	Execute HYPE and parse logs	complete run directory	HYPE result directory
`tools/s8_output_analysis/`	Parse and score outputs	result files and observations	metrics, plots, comparison tables
`tools/s9_water_quality/`	Enable and parse N/P simulation	crop, region, nutrient settings	NPC-ready config and nutrient outputs
`tools/s10_calibration/`	Configure and parse built-in calibration	HYPE setup, observations, parameter choices	`optpar.txt`, calibration results

Shared utilities should be used instead of raw extraction code where available:

from ki_tools_common.load_forcing import load_daily_forcing
from ki_tools_common.metrics import all_metrics
from ki_tools_common.validation import validate_forcing_ranges
from ki_tools_common.units import convert

8. Unit Conversion Table

Variable	Source unit (verified)	Model unit	Factor	Type
Precipitation	CMFD kg/m^2/s for a 3-hour timestep	mm/3hr before daily aggregation	x10800	multiplicative
Precipitation	3-hourly depth	mm/day	sum 8 timesteps	aggregation
Temperature	K	deg C	-273.15	additive
Temperature	3-hourly deg C	deg C daily	mean 8 timesteps	aggregation
Shortwave radiation	W/m^2	MJ/m^2/day	daily mean x 0.0864	multiplicative
Pressure	Pa	hPa	/100.0	multiplicative

8c. Sign Conventions and Output Units

Variable	Convention in this model	Common alternative	Impact if wrong
`cout`	positive simulated outflow discharge, m^3/s	signed inflow/outflow or depth-normalized runoff	wrong sign or magnitude in discharge scoring and coupling
`snow`	snow water equivalent, mm	binary snow cover or snow depth	wrong observation pairing and metric interpretation
`evap`	actual evapotranspiration, mm/day	PET demand or energy flux	water-balance and ET comparison errors
`gwat`	groundwater table level, negative downward from surface, m	positive depth below ground	inverted groundwater dynamics
`c1TN`, `c1TP`	concentration in ug/L	areal nutrient load	invalid water-quality comparison unless converted

Output unit verification checklist:

Read the output entry in dag.yaml before post-processing.
Print the first values from the parsed HYPE output and check order of magnitude.
For discharge, confirm cout is absolute flow in m^3/s, not basin-depth runoff.
For nutrient outputs, compare concentrations as concentrations unless explicitly converted.

9. Diagnostic Triplets (Top 5)

The full diagnostic corpus stays in diagnostics/triplets.yaml; check it before debugging.

#	Error	Diagnosis	Remedy
1 (`dt_r01`)	HYPE fails to open `info.txt` / `Cannot open file`	directory argument lacks the trailing slash used by HYPE string concatenation	pass the run directory with a trailing `/`, or use `run_hype.py`
2 (`dt_u03`)	all precipitation in `Pobs.txt` is zero despite CMFD data	CMFD precipitation is kg/m^2/s and needs timestep conversion	multiply by 10800 for mm/3hr, then sum 8 steps for daily
3 (`dt_s01`)	water balance is wrong but HYPE exits successfully	SLC fractions in `GeoData.txt` do not sum to 1.0	validate each subbasin row so SLC fractions sum to 1.0 within 0.001
4 (`dt_s08`)	zero discharge despite valid precipitation	`GeoClass.txt` streamdepth column is 0	set streamdepth greater than 0 for non-water SLC classes
5 (`dt_r04`)	fatal forcing date mismatch	forcing dates do not cover the full `bdate` to `edate` range	regenerate forcing files so `Pobs.txt` and `Tobs.txt` cover the full period with no gaps

10. Coupling Interfaces

Upstream model/data	Variable exchanged	Unit	Temporal resolution
CMFD/MSWX/NASA POWER forcing loaders	precipitation, temperature, optional radiation/wind/humidity/pressure	mixed source units converted to HYPE daily units	daily after aggregation
HydroLAKES/GRanD data KIs	lake and dam geometry/regulation fields	mixed	static
VIC comparison workflow	discharge at matching outlet	m^3/s	daily or evaluation period

Downstream model/workflow	Variable exchanged	Unit	Temporal resolution
HydroCraft discharge comparison	`cout`	m^3/s	daily
Water-quality analysis	`c1TN`, `c1TP`	ug/L	daily or configured output period
Calibration/scoring tools	`cout` against `rout`/`Qobs.txt`	m^3/s	daily or configured criterion period

11. Validated Results

Test Basin: Bengbu -- Huai River

Property	Value
Location	Huai River at Bengbu
Area	~121,330 km^2
Period	1980-1990, with 1980 warmup and 1981-1990 evaluated
Resolution	lumped 1-subbasin setup with daily forcing

Performance Metrics -- judged against the field's bar, not intuition

Source: docs/validation_convention.yaml. Bands below are copied from the convention. Null bands are written as no cited threshold.

Extracted convention facts:

CONVENTION BAR for cout: metric=nse, direction=maximize, bands={very_good: 0.8, good: 0.7, satisfactory: 0.5}, cites=pandit2025, shrestha2020
CONVENTION BAR for cout: metric=pbias, direction=zero_centered, bands={very_good: 5, good: 10, satisfactory: 15}, cites=pandit2025
CONVENTION BAR for snow: metric=nse, direction=maximize, satisfactory=no cited threshold, cites=none
CONVENTION BAR for snow: metric=csi, direction=maximize, satisfactory=no cited threshold, cites=none

Bar for cout (nse, per pandit2025, shrestha2020): satisfactory >= 0.5, good >= 0.7, very_good >= 0.8. Bengbu achieved 0.678, which is satisfactory.

Bar for cout (pbias, per pandit2025): very_good within 5, good within 10, satisfactory within 15, direction zero_centered. Bengbu achieved +19.8%, outside the satisfactory band.

Dag variable	Metric	Direction	Achieved value in this SKILL	Bar (convention, cited)	Verdict
`cout`	nse	maximize	0.678	satisfactory >= 0.5, good >= 0.7, very_good >= 0.8 (`pandit2025`, `shrestha2020`)	satisfactory
`cout`	pbias	zero_centered	+19.8%	very_good within 5, good within 10, satisfactory within 15 (`pandit2025`)	outside satisfactory
`snow`	nse	maximize	not evaluated here	no cited threshold	no verdict
`snow`	csi	maximize	not evaluated here	no cited threshold	no verdict

Data Replacement Tracking

Component	Source	Status	Notes
Forcing	CMFD 0.1 degree 3-hourly converted to daily in the validated Bengbu run	production_validated for Bengbu	keep unit checks from `dt_u03` active
Soil/SLC	KI stage outputs	production_validated for the documented Bengbu setup	SLC fractions must sum to 1.0
Land cover	KI stage outputs	production_validated for the documented Bengbu setup	represented through SLC fractions
DEM/routing	KI stage outputs	production_validated for the documented Bengbu setup	use semi-distributed setup for large basins when routing attenuation matters
Initial conditions	warmup period	production_validated for Bengbu discharge	1980 warmup, 1981-1990 evaluated

12. Parameter Selection by Region

Use these as physically informed starting points when no site-specific calibration exists; they do not replace calibration against observations.

Climate / Region	Key parameters	Rationale
Large monsoon basins	`lp`, `cevpam`, `wcfc`, `wcwp`, `wcep`, `rrcs1`, `rivvel`, `damp`	water balance, seasonal PET, soil storage, recession, and routing attenuation dominate discharge behavior
Snow-affected basins	`ttmp`, `cmlt`, snowmelt model option, radiation forcing where available	snow accumulation and melt timing control seasonal runoff
Lake/reservoir basins	`gratk`, `gratefk`, `gldepi`, `gldepol`, per-lake `rate`, `exp`, `w0ref`, `regvol`, `qprod1`, `qprod2`	outlet storage and regulation modify flow timing and peak attenuation
Nutrient simulations	`fastn0`, `fastp0`, `humusn0`, `humusp0`, `denitrlu`, `denitwr`, `denitwl`, `minerfn`, `sedon`, `sedpp`, `soilcoh`, `soilerod`	N/P pools and transformations need multi-year warmup and regional management inputs

Data Preparation (use these commands — do NOT write custom data extraction code)

Lake/reservoir data

# Generate LakeData.txt from HydroLAKES + GRanD:
python KISSPATH_KI_ROOT/HYPE/knowledge_infrastructure/tools/s6_lake_reservoir_config/generate_lakedata.py \
    --geodata [GEODATA] --geoclass [GEOCLASS] --output [OUTPUT] \
    --lat [LAT] --lon [LON] --search_radius_km 100 --update_geodata

# Generate DamData.txt from GRanD:
python KISSPATH_KI_ROOT/HYPE/knowledge_infrastructure/tools/s6_lake_reservoir_config/generate_damdata.py \
    --geodata [GEODATA] --output [OUTPUT] \
    --lat [LAT] --lon [LON] --search_radius_km 200

Forcing data

Data Sources: Use from ki_tools_common.load_forcing import load_daily_forcing for CMFD/MSWX/NASA POWER. Then convert to HYPE forcing format using this KI's tool: tools/s3_forcing_preparation/convert_forcing_to_hype.py

Data Validation Reference: See data_ki/CMFD/SKILL.md for CMFD unit documentation and known traps.

HYPE Knowledge Infrastructure for HydroCraft

Model Overview

HYPE (HYdrological Predictions for the Environment) is a semi-distributed, process-based hydrological and nutrient transport model developed at SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute). It operates on a subbasin-SLC (Soil-Land use Class) structure where the landscape is divided into subbasins, each containing fractional areas of soil-landcover combinations.

Binary: KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype (v5.35.0, compiled from source) Source: KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype_5_35_0_src/ (38 Fortran 90 files, 93,622 lines) Demo: KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/demo/ (3-subbasin test case, validated)

What Makes HYPE Unique in HydroCraft

Capability	VIC	mHM	HYPE
Spatial structure	Grid cells	Grid (L0/L1/L11)	Subbasins + SLC fractions
Nutrient simulation	No	No	Yes (N + P cycles)
Lake/reservoir modeling	No	No	Yes (native, LakeData/DamData)
Parameter type	Per-cell	MPR global	Per land-use/soil type
Routing topology	External (Lohmann/CaMa)	Internal (MRM)	Internal (MAINDOWN)
World-Wide setup	No	No	Yes (WWH)
Data assimilation	No	No	Yes (built-in ensemble)
Calibration	External	Built-in DDS/SCE	Built-in DDS/DEMC
Dependencies	NetCDF	NetCDF, LAPACK	None (pure Fortran 90)

Strategic Value

Integrated water quality: HYPE simulates nitrogen and phosphorus transport simultaneously with hydrology -- no coupling needed.
World-Wide HYPE (WWH): A global setup exists with pre-calibrated parameters, enabling prediction anywhere.
Lake/reservoir support: Native handling of regulated lakes and dams via LakeData.txt and DamData.txt.
Parameter regionalization: Parameters are defined per soil type and land use, enabling transfer between basins with similar landscapes.
No dependencies: Pure Fortran 90, compiles with gfortran in under 60 seconds.

Architecture: Subbasins + SLC

HYPE divides the landscape into subbasins connected by a routing network (MAINDOWN topology). Each subbasin contains fractional areas of SLC (Soil-Land use Class) combinations:

Basin
  |-- Subbasin 1 (area=150 km2)
  |     |-- SLC_1 (forest/till)     60%
  |     |-- SLC_2 (cropland/clay)   30%
  |     |-- SLC_3 (water)           10%
  |-- Subbasin 2 (area=200 km2)
  |     |-- SLC_1                   40%
  |     |-- SLC_2                   50%
  |     |-- SLC_3                   10%
  |-- Subbasin 3 (outlet, area=500 km2)
        |-- SLC_1                   35%
        |-- SLC_2                   45%
        |-- SLC_3                   20%

CRITICAL: SLC fractions per subbasin MUST sum to 1.0. If they don't, the water balance is wrong but HYPE produces NO warning.

Input File Format Reference

All HYPE input files are tab-separated text with !! comment lines at the top.

info.txt (Main configuration)

bdate     2005-01-01
cdate     2005-01-01          !! criteria/output start (skip warmup)
edate     2010-12-31
resultdir ./resultdir/        !! trailing slash required
modeldir  ./modelfiles/       !! trailing slash required
forcingdir ./forcingdir/       !! trailing slash required
logdir    ./logdir/            !! trailing slash required
timeoutput variable cout rout snow evap cprc
timeoutput meanperiod 1
modeloption petmodel 1         !! 0=default, 1=Jensen-Haise, 2=Hargreaves, 5=Penman-Monteith
modeloption snowmeltmodel 2    !! 0=degree-day, 2=degree-day with radiation

CRITICAL: All directory paths in info.txt MUST end with /. Missing slash causes silent file-not-found.

GeoClass.txt (SLC definitions)

!! SLC_ID  landuse  soil  crop  crop2  rotation  vegtype  special  tiledepth  streamdepth  numlayers  soildepth1  [soildepth2]  [soildepth3]
1   1   1   0   0   0   1   0   0   0   3   0.3   0.6   1.5
2   2   2   1   0   0   2   0   0.8   0   3   0.3   0.9   1.8
3   3   3   0   0   0   0   2   0   0   1   5.0

numlayers determines how many soildepth columns follow (1-3)
special=2 marks water class (lake/river)
vegtype: 1=conifer, 2=deciduous, 3=grass, 0=bare/water

GeoData.txt (Subbasin properties)

SUBID  MAINDOWN  AREA  SLC_1  SLC_2  SLC_3  RIVLEN  LATITUDE  LONGITUDE  ELEV_MEAN  SLOPE_MEAN  LAKE_DEPTH
1      3         1.5E8 0.60   0.30   0.10   15000   31.50     117.00     120        0.05        2.0
2      3         2.0E8 0.40   0.50   0.10   20000   31.30     117.20     85         0.03        1.5
3      0         5.0E8 0.35   0.45   0.20   25000   31.10     117.10     45         0.02        3.0

MAINDOWN=0 marks the outlet subbasin
AREA is in m^2
RIVLEN is main river length in meters within the subbasin
SLC fractions MUST sum to 1.0 per subbasin

par.txt (Parameters)

!! Land use dependent (nlanduse values per line)
ttmp   0.0   0.0   0.0
cmlt   3.5   4.0   0.0
cevp   0.15  0.20  0.0
srrcs  0.1   0.05  0.0
!! Soil type dependent (nsoil values per line)
wcfc   0.15  0.25  0.05
wcwp   0.05  0.10  0.01
wcep   0.35  0.40  0.50
rrcs1  0.1   0.05  0.0
rrcs2  0.01  0.005 0.0
!! General (1 value per line)
rrcs3  0.001
lp     0.8
rivvel 1.0
damp   0.5

CRITICAL: Number of values per parameter MUST match:

Land-use params: exactly max(landuse IDs in GeoClass) values
Soil params: exactly max(soil IDs in GeoClass) values
General params: exactly 1 value Too few values causes fatal error. Too many causes warning but is ignored.

Pobs.txt / Tobs.txt (Forcing data)

DATE       1      2      3
2005-01-01 2.5    3.1    1.8
2005-01-02 0.0    0.5    0.0
...

Daily values, tab-separated
Column headers are SUBID numbers matching GeoData.txt
Pobs.txt: precipitation in mm/day
Tobs.txt: temperature in degrees Celsius
Missing values: -9999

ForcKey.txt (Forcing-subbasin mapping)

SUBID   FROSESSION
1       1
2       2
3       3

Maps each subbasin to a forcing observation station. Usually 1:1 for gridded forcing.

Qobs.txt (Observed discharge, optional)

DATE       3
2005-01-01 15.2
2005-01-02 14.8
...

Only subbasins with gauges need columns
Units: m^3/s

Unit Conversion Table (CRITICAL)

Variable	HYPE expects	CMFD native	MSWX native	Conversion
Precipitation	mm/day	mm/3hr	mm/3hr	SUM 8 timesteps per day
Temperature	deg C	K (3-hourly)	deg C (3-hourly)	MEAN + subtract 273.15 for CMFD
PET forcing	Not needed for petmodel 1-2	-	-	Jensen-Haise/Hargreaves compute from T
SW radiation	MJ/m^2/day	W/m^2 (3-hourly)	W/m^2 (3-hourly)	MEAN x 0.0864
Wind speed	m/s	m/s	m/s	MEAN (only for petmodel 5)
Humidity	fraction	kg/kg	kg/kg	Convert to RH (only for petmodel 5)
Pressure	hPa	Pa	Pa	/100.0 (only for petmodel 5)

CRITICAL: HYPE uses daily forcing. CMFD/MSWX are 3-hourly. You MUST aggregate to daily:

Precipitation: SUM over 8 timesteps (not average!)
Temperature: MEAN over 8 timesteps
Radiation: MEAN over 8 timesteps, then convert to MJ/m^2/day

For petmodel 1 (Jensen-Haise, default) or petmodel 2 (Hargreaves), only P and T are needed. For petmodel 5 (Penman-Monteith), additional forcing files are required: SWobs.txt, Uobs.txt, RHobs.txt, SFobs.txt.

Pipeline Stages

s1_subbasin_delineation   Delineate subbasins + MAINDOWN topology from DEM
        |
s2_slc_classification     Compute SLC fractions from landcover + soil data
        |
s3_forcing_preparation    Convert CMFD/MSWX 3-hourly to daily Pobs.txt + Tobs.txt
        |
s4_geodata_generation     Generate GeoData.txt + GeoClass.txt
        |
s5_parameter_setup        Set up par.txt from WWH defaults or literature
        |
s6_lake_reservoir_config  Configure LakeData.txt and DamData.txt (optional)
        |
s7_execution              Run HYPE, parse log, verify completion
        |
s8_output_analysis        Parse timeCOUT.txt/mapCOUT.txt, compute metrics, compare with VIC
        |
s9_water_quality          Enable N/P simulation, configure NPC parameters, parse nutrient output
        |
s10_calibration           Built-in calibration (DDS/DEMC/MC) with optpar.txt + criteria

Stage Skill Documents

Key Parameters

General Parameters

Parameter	Description	Default	Range	Sensitivity
lp	Limit for PET reduction	0.8	0.1-1.0	High
rivvel	River velocity (m/s)	1.0	0.1-5.0	Moderate
damp	Damping coefficient	0.5	0.0-1.0	Moderate
cevpam	Amplitude of PET seasonal cycle	0.3	0.0-1.0	High
cevpph	Phase shift of PET (days)	30	0-365	Low
rrcs3	Deep groundwater recession	0.001	0.0-0.1	Moderate

Land-Use Dependent Parameters

Parameter	Description	Range	Calibrate?
ttmp	Threshold temperature for snow (C)	-3 to 3	Yes
cmlt	Degree-day snowmelt factor (mm/C/day)	1-10	Yes
cevp	PET coefficient	0.05-0.5	Yes
srrcs	Surface runoff recession coefficient	0.0-1.0	Yes

Soil-Type Dependent Parameters

Parameter	Description	Range	Calibrate?
wcfc	Field capacity (fraction)	0.05-0.5	Yes
wcwp	Wilting point (fraction)	0.01-0.3	Yes
wcep	Effective porosity (fraction)	0.1-0.7	Yes
rrcs1	Upper soil recession coefficient	0.0-1.0	Yes
rrcs2	Lower soil recession coefficient	0.0-0.5	Yes

Lake and Reservoir Configuration (Stage s6)

HYPE has native support for outlet lakes (olake) and regulated dams. Lakes modify the flow hydrograph by adding storage and attenuation; dams add active regulation rules (production flow, flood control, seasonal operation).

When to Enable Lakes/Reservoirs

Basin contains significant lakes (>1 km^2) or reservoirs
Flow hydrograph shows reservoir regulation effects (sustained low flows, abrupt releases)
GRanD shows dams within or upstream of the basin

Prerequisites

GeoClass.txt must have an SLC with special=2 (outlet lake class)
GeoData.txt must have:
- SLC_N fraction > 0 for the olake SLC in subbasins with lakes
- lake_depth column with depth in meters
- lakedataid column linking subbasins to LakeData rows
LakeData.txt goes in modeldir/ (same as GeoData.txt)
DamData.txt goes in modeldir/ (same as GeoData.txt)

CRITICAL: Do NOT set special=2 on any SLC class unless LakeData.txt is provided. Without it, HYPE creates a zero-volume lake that traps all water.

Generating LakeData.txt

# Search HydroLAKES + GRanD for lakes/dams within the basin area:
python tools/s6_lake_reservoir_config/generate_lakedata.py \
    --geodata modelfiles/GeoData.txt \
    --geoclass modelfiles/GeoClass.txt \
    --output modelfiles/LakeData.txt \
    --lat [LAT] --lon [LON] \
    --search_radius_km 100 \
    --min_lake_area_km2 1.0 \
    --update_geodata

The --update_geodata flag automatically adds lakedataid and updates lake_depth in GeoData.txt from HydroLAKES data.

Generating DamData.txt

# Search GRanD for regulated dams near the basin:
python tools/s6_lake_reservoir_config/generate_damdata.py \
    --geodata modelfiles/GeoData.txt \
    --output modelfiles/DamData.txt \
    --lat [LAT] --lon [LON] \
    --search_radius_km 200

# Or by specific dam names:
python tools/s6_lake_reservoir_config/generate_damdata.py \
    --geodata modelfiles/GeoData.txt \
    --output modelfiles/DamData.txt \
    --dam_names "Meishan,Xianghongdian,Foziling"

# Filter by purpose (3=flood control):
python tools/s6_lake_reservoir_config/generate_damdata.py \
    --geodata modelfiles/GeoData.txt \
    --output modelfiles/DamData.txt \
    --lat 32.4 --lon 115.7 --purpose 3

LakeData.txt Column Reference

Column	Type	Unit	Description
lakedataid	int	-	Links to GeoData lakedataid column (REQUIRED)
ldtype	int	-	1=simple olake, 5=outlet1, 6=outlet2, 7=equal-level basin (REQUIRED)
area	real	m^2	Lake surface area
lake_depth	real	m	Mean lake depth (overrides GeoData value)
lake_shape	real	-	Depth exponent (1.0=flat, 2.0=conical)
rate	real	-	Rating curve coefficient
exp	real	-	Rating curve exponent (typically 1.5)
w0ref	real	m	Reference water level threshold
regvol	real	Mm^3	Regulation volume (for regulated lakes)
wamp	real	m	Regulation amplitude
qprod1	real	m^3/s	Production flow, period 1
qprod2	real	m^3/s	Production flow, period 2
datum1	int	MMDD	Start date for production period 1
datum2	int	MMDD	Start date for production period 2
minflow	real	m^3/s	Minimum environmental flow

DamData.txt Column Reference

Column	Type	Unit	Description
subid	int	-	Subbasin ID matching GeoData (REQUIRED)
purpose	int	-	1=Irrigation, 2=WaterSupply, 3=FloodControl, 4=Hydropower
lake_depth	real	m	Reservoir mean depth
regvol	real	Mm^3	Regulation volume (dam capacity)
rate	real	-	Spillway rating curve coefficient
exp	real	-	Spillway rating curve exponent
w0ref	real	m	Reference spill level
wamp	real	m	Regulation amplitude
qprod1/qprod2	real	m^3/s	Seasonal production flows
datum1/datum2	int	MMDD	Season boundary dates
qinfjan-qinfdec	real	m^3/s	Monthly natural inflows (12 columns)
minflow	real	m^3/s	Minimum environmental flow

Data Sources

Input	Data KI	Tool	Coverage
Lake area, depth, volume	HydroLAKES v10	`search_lakes.py`	Global, lakes >= 10 ha
Dam capacity, height, year	GRanD	`search_dams.py`	Global, 7,320 large dams

Key Lake Parameters (par.txt)

Parameter	Type	Description	Default	Range
gratk	genpar	General lake rating curve coefficient	1.0	0.01-10
gratefk	genpar	General rating curve exponent factor	1.5	1.0-3.0
gldepi	genpar	Internal lake depth (m)	1.0	0.5-10
gldepol	genpar	General olake depth (m)	5.0	1-50

HYPE Lake Outflow Logic (from sw_proc.f90)

For unregulated lakes (regvol not set):

if water_level > w0ref:
    outflow = rate * (water_level - w0ref)^exp
else:
    outflow = 0

For regulated lakes (regvol > 0, wmin calculated):

if water_level > w0ref:
    outflow = max(rating_curve_flow, production_flow)
elif water_level > wmin:
    outflow = production_flow
else:
    outflow = 0

where wmin = -regvol * 1e6 / lake_area_m2 (negative = below threshold).

Known Issues

Lumped setup limitation: With 1 subbasin, the lake IS the entire basin outlet. All water passes through the lake, which may over-attenuate the hydrograph. Use multi-subbasin setups for realistic lake routing.
Rating curve calibration: Generated rating curves are estimates. Calibrate rate and exp against observed discharge downstream of the lake.
Monthly inflows in DamData: The qinfjan-qinfdec values are estimated from area-runoff relationships. For accurate dam regulation, run a natural (no-dam) simulation first and use those monthly flows.
LakeData vs DamData: Both files can exist simultaneously. DamData provides additional regulation on top of LakeData configuration.

Running HYPE

# From the directory containing info.txt:
KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype ./

# Or specify a different info directory:
KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype /path/to/run/directory/

# CRITICAL: The argument MUST end with a slash (/)
# Without slash: looks for info.txt at wrong path

Exit codes:

0: Success
1: Fatal error (check hyss_*.log in logdir or infodir)
Other: Fortran runtime error

Output files:

timeCOUT.txt -- Simulated discharge at each subbasin (m^3/s)
timeROUT.txt -- Observed discharge (-9999 = missing) (m^3/s)
timeSNOW.txt -- Snow water equivalent (mm)
timeEVAP.txt -- Evapotranspiration (mm/day)
timeCPRC.txt -- Corrected precipitation (mm/day)
mapCOUT.txt -- Spatial map output (periodic averages)

Water Quality: Nitrogen & Phosphorus (NPC) Simulation

HYPE's unique selling point — integrated N/P transport with hydrology. No external coupling needed. Simulates 4 substance pools: IN (inorganic N), ON (organic N), SP (soluble P), PP (particulate P).

Enabling NPC Simulation

# Step 1: Generate CropData.txt from NPKGRIDS (auto-detects region + reads real fertilizer rates)
python tools/s9_water_quality/generate_cropdata.py \
    --lat 32.4 --lon 115.6 \
    --crops wheat,maize \
    --output modelfiles/CropData.txt

# Step 2: Add REGION column to GeoData.txt (required for NPC)
# Ensure GeoData.txt header includes REGION and each subbasin has REGION=1

# Step 3: Enable N/P in info.txt and add NPC parameters to par.txt
python tools/s9_water_quality/configure_npc.py \
    --info_txt info.txt \
    --par_txt modelfiles/par.txt \
    --substances "N P" \
    --region huai_river \
    --geoclass modelfiles/GeoClass.txt

# Step 4: Run HYPE (same binary, NPC is activated by 'substance N P' in info.txt)
python tools/s7_execution/run_hype.py --project_dir <path>

# Step 5: Parse nutrient output
python tools/s9_water_quality/parse_npc_output.py \
    --result_dir resultdir/ \
    --subbasin_id 1 \
    --basin_area_km2 11573 \
    --output_csv nutrient_loads.csv

Data Sources for NPC

Input File	Data KI	Tool	Auto?
CropData.txt	NPKGRIDS + crop calendar	`generate_cropdata.py`	YES
GeoData REGION	Manual	Add column	Simple
Soil N/P pools (par.txt)	Literature defaults	`configure_npc.py`	YES
Freundlich P params	Literature	`configure_npc.py`	YES

info.txt NPC Configuration

Add to info.txt to enable nutrient simulation:

substance   N P                    !! Enable nitrogen + phosphorus
timeoutput variable cout rout reTN reTP ccIN ccON ccSP ccPP

Key NPC Parameters (par.txt)

Parameter	Type	Description	Range	Sensitivity
fastn0	genpar	Initial fast N pool (kg/km²)	1-100	Medium
fastp0	genpar	Initial fast P pool (kg/km²)	0.1-50	Medium
humusn0	landpar	Humus N pool (kg/km²/m)	50-500	High
humusp0	landpar	Humus P pool (kg/km²/m)	5-50	High
denitrlu	landpar	Land denitrification (kg/m²/day)	0.0001-0.001	High
denitwr	genpar	River denitrification (kg/m²/day)	0.001-0.01	Medium
denitwl	genpar	Lake denitrification (kg/m²/day)	0.0005-0.005	Medium
minerfn	landpar	Fast N mineralization (1/day)	0.001-0.005	Medium
sedon	genpar	ON sedimentation (kg/m²/day)	0.0001-0.01	Medium
sedpp	genpar	PP sedimentation (kg/m²/day)	0.0001-0.01	Medium
soilcoh	soilpar	Soil cohesion for erosion (kPa)	5-15	P only
soilerod	soilpar	Soil erodibility factor	0.5-2.0	P only

NPC Output Variables

Use c1* (computed main flow) variables for modelled concentrations. The re* variables require observed nutrient data (xobs) and will show -9999 without it.

Variable	File	Unit	Description
c1TN	timeC1TN.txt	ug/L	Modelled TN in main outflow
c1TP	timeC1TP.txt	ug/L	Modelled TP in main outflow
c1IN	timeC1IN.txt	ug/L	Inorganic N concentration
c1ON	timeC1ON.txt	ug/L	Organic N concentration
c1SP	timeC1SP.txt	ug/L	Soluble P concentration
c1PP	timeC1PP.txt	ug/L	Particulate P concentration

IMPORTANT: Do NOT use reTN, reIN, reSP — these require observed nutrient data and output -9999 without it. Always use c1TN, c1IN, c1SP for modelled output.

Expected Nutrient Yields

Land use	TN (kgN/ha/yr)	TP (kgP/ha/yr)	Source
Agricultural (China)	5-20	0.5-3	Chinese watershed studies
Agricultural (US Midwest)	10-40	1-5	SPARROW/USGS
Forest	1-5	0.05-0.5	Background levels
Urban	5-15	1-3	USEPA

NPC Warmup Requirements

N/P pools need 3-5 years of warmup to stabilize. Set nyskip >= 3 in time.sim or a sufficiently early bdate in info.txt. Check that c1TN reaches a stable seasonal pattern before the evaluation period.

NPC Known Issues

Lumped (1-subbasin) setups produce unrealistic IN/SP concentrations. Dissolved inorganic forms (IN, SP) accumulate without downstream export. Use multi-subbasin setups (3+ subbasins) for NPC simulation. Organic/particulate forms (ON, PP) are unaffected and work correctly in lumped setups.
GeoClass special=2 requires LakeData.txt. Do NOT set special=2 (internal lake) on any SLC class unless LakeData.txt is provided. Without it, HYPE creates a zero- volume lake that traps all water. Use special=0 for regular water classes.
ForcKey.txt location: Must be in forcingdir/, not modeldir/. HYPE looks for it in the forcing directory path specified in info.txt.
Pobs/Tobs must NOT have !! comment lines. HYPE expects the header row (DATE followed by subbasin IDs) as line 1. Comment lines cause silent data misparse.

VIC-HYPE Coupling Points

HYPE and VIC serve complementary roles in HydroCraft:

Aspect	VIC	HYPE	Coupling
Forcing	3-hourly gridded	Daily per-subbasin	CMFD/MSWX -> aggregate to daily for HYPE
Soil	Grid-cell parameters	Per soil-type parameters	HWSD shared source
Routing	External (Lohmann/CaMa)	Internal (MAINDOWN)	Compare discharge at outlet
Water quality	Not supported	N/P transport	HYPE adds nutrient dimension to VIC basins
Scale	Any	Subbasin (>10 km^2 typical)	VIC grid -> HYPE subbasins via area-weighted mapping

Cross-model comparison: Use compare_vic_hype.py to compare discharge time series at the outlet, computing NSE, KGE, and PBIAS for both models against observations.

Common Errors and Diagnostics

See diagnostics/triplets.yaml for the full triplet catalog (count: the KI map at the top of this file). Key failure modes:

SLC fractions don't sum to 1.0 -- SILENT ERROR, no warning, wrong water balance
Missing trailing slash in info.txt paths -- Fatal, but cryptic "file not found" message
par.txt value count mismatch -- Fatal, must match exact number of land-use/soil types
MAINDOWN topology has cycles -- Fatal at startup, check ordering
Forcing dates don't match bdate/edate -- Fatal, forcing must cover entire period
Tab vs space in input files -- HYPE expects TAB separators, spaces may cause silent misparse

Validated Results

Bengbu (蚌埠) — Huai River, 1981-1990 (production_validated)

Metric	Value
Basin	Huai River @ Bengbu, ~121,330 km²
Period	1980-1990 (1980 warmup, 1981-1990 evaluated)
Forcing	CMFD 0.1° 3-hourly → daily
Setup	Lumped (1 subbasin), 3 SLC classes
NSE	0.678
KGE	0.740
R²	0.712
PBIAS	+19.8% (slight overprediction)
Mean obs Q	~900 m³/s
Mean sim Q	~1,080 m³/s
Seasonal cycle	Captured correctly (monsoon peak Jun-Aug)
Output	`outputs/bengbu_hype_1980_1990/`
Plots	`hype_discharge_comparison.png`, `hype_scatter.png`, `hype_annual_cycle.png`

Errors found during validation (9 run attempts):

CMFD precip in kg/m²/s — must ×10800 (dt_u03)
GeoClass streamdepth=0 → zero discharge (dt_s08)
SLC fractions validation needed (dt_s01)

Chaohe (潮河) — North China, 2001-2010

Metric	Value
Basin	Chaohe @ Zhangjiaofen, ~8,783 km²
Period	2000-2010 (2000 warmup, 2001-2010 evaluated)
Setup	Lumped (1 subbasin)
Mean sim Q	21.7 m³/s
Literature Q	31-47 m³/s
Assessment	46% low — needs calibration or semi-distributed setup

Calibration: Built-in Optimization (Stage s10)

HYPE has a powerful built-in optimization engine in optim.f90 (3,422 lines) supporting Monte Carlo, DEMC, staged MC, Brent line search, and quasi-Newton methods. The HYPE binary handles calibration internally -- no external optimizer is needed.

Calibration Methods

Method	Code	Best For	Speed
Monte Carlo	MC	First exploration, identify parameter sensitivity	Fast
DEMC (Differential Evolution Markov Chain)	DEMC	Posterior sampling, uncertainty	Medium
Staged Monte Carlo	SM	Progressive zoom on parameter space	Medium
Brent line search	BN	Local refinement around a good solution	Fast
Quasi-Newton BFGS	Q2	Gradient-based local optimization	Fast

Calibration Criteria

Code	Name	Direction	Recommended For
MKG	Mean Kling-Gupta Efficiency	max -> 1	RECOMMENDED (balanced bias/variability/correlation)
MNS	Mean Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency	max -> 1	Classic, penalizes bias less
TAU	Kendall tau	max -> 1	Robust to outliers
MRE	Mean Relative Error	min -> 0	Volume bias calibration
MAR	Mean Absolute Relative Error	min -> 0	Absolute volume bias
MCC	Mean Correlation Coefficient	max -> 1	Timing only
MDA	Median NSE	max -> 1	Multi-station calibration

Setting Up Calibration

# Step 1: Set up optpar.txt and add criteria to info.txt
python tools/s10_calibration/setup_calibration.py \
    --method MC \
    --geoclass modelfiles/GeoClass.txt \
    --info_txt info.txt \
    --output modelfiles/optpar.txt \
    --num_runs 500 \
    --criterion MKG \
    --crit_variable cout \
    --obs_variable rout \
    --outlet_subid 3

# Step 2: Run HYPE (calibration is automatic when calibration=Y in info.txt)
KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype ./

# Step 3: Parse calibration results
python tools/s10_calibration/parse_calibration_results.py \
    --result_dir resultdir/ \
    --output_par best_par.txt \
    --geoclass modelfiles/GeoClass.txt \
    --output_csv calibration_results.csv \
    --plot_convergence convergence.png

DEMC Calibration (Bayesian Posterior Sampling)

# DEMC requires >= 3 populations. More populations = better exploration but slower.
python tools/s10_calibration/setup_calibration.py \
    --method DEMC \
    --geoclass modelfiles/GeoClass.txt \
    --info_txt info.txt \
    --output modelfiles/optpar.txt \
    --demc_ngen 100 --demc_npop 5 \
    --criterion MKG \
    --crit_variable cout \
    --obs_variable rout

KISSPATH_BINARIES/hype/hype ./

Calibrating with NPC Parameters

# Include N/P parameters in calibration
python tools/s10_calibration/setup_calibration.py \
    --method MC \
    --geoclass modelfiles/GeoClass.txt \
    --info_txt info.txt \
    --output modelfiles/optpar.txt \
    --num_runs 1000 \
    --criterion MKG \
    --crit_variable cout \
    --obs_variable rout \
    --substances "N P"

Calibrating a Subset of Parameters

# Calibrate only the most sensitive parameters (faster convergence)
python tools/s10_calibration/setup_calibration.py \
    --method MC \
    --geoclass modelfiles/GeoClass.txt \
    --info_txt info.txt \
    --output modelfiles/optpar.txt \
    --num_runs 500 \
    --criterion MKG \
    --crit_variable cout \
    --obs_variable rout \
    --params_subset "lp,cevpam,wcfc,wcwp,wcep,rrcs1,cmlt"

Calibration Output Files

File	Location	Description
allsim.txt	resultdir/	All simulations: criterion + performance + parameters (CSV)
bestsims.txt	resultdir/	Best N parameter sets (same format as allsim.txt)
calibration.log	resultdir/	Detailed calibration progress

optpar.txt Format Reference

The file has two sections:

Header (1 line skipped + 20 info lines): optimization task and method settings
Parameter block: triplets of (min, max, precision) for each parameter

!! Heading (skipped)
task MC                    !! Method code: MC, DE, SM, BN, Q2
task WA                    !! Write all results to allsim.txt
num_mc 500                 !! Number of Monte Carlo runs
num_ens 10                 !! Number of best to keep
cal_log Y                  !! Write calibration.log
!! (reserved)              !! Pad to 20 info lines
...
!! Parameter ranges (min / max / precision triplets)
lp      0.1                !! min value (1 value for general params)
lp      1.0                !! max value
lp      3                  !! decimal precision
wcfc    0.05  0.05         !! min values (nsoil values for soil params)
wcfc    0.50  0.50         !! max values
wcfc    3     3            !! precision

When min == max for a parameter, it is NOT calibrated (fixed value).

info.txt Calibration Settings

Added automatically by setup_calibration.py:

calibration Y
crit 1 criterion MKG       !! Criterion code
crit 1 cvariable cout       !! Computed (simulated) variable
crit 1 rvariable rout       !! Recorded (observed) variable
crit 1 weight 1.0           !! Weight for multi-criteria
crit meanperiod 1           !! 1=daily, 2=weekly, 3=monthly
crit subbasin 3             !! Subbasin for single-station calibration

Calibration Tips

Start with MC: Run 200-500 MC simulations first to identify sensitive parameters
Use KGE (MKG): More balanced than NSE -- penalizes bias equally with variability
Warmup matters: Ensure 1-2 years warmup (bdate before cdate) for stable states
Qobs.txt required: Calibration needs observed discharge in Qobs.txt (same format as Pobs.txt)
Subset calibration: For many parameters, calibrate only the most sensitive ones first
Check convergence: Use parse_calibration_results.py to verify the optimizer has converged
DEMC for uncertainty: DEMC produces posterior parameter distributions, not just a best fit

Recommendations for Future Runs

Semi-distributed: For basins >10,000 km², use 5-10 subbasins for routing attenuation
Calibration: Use setup_calibration.py with MC (exploration) or DEMC (posterior), key params: lp, cevpam, cmlt, wcfc, wcwp, wcep, rrcs1. See Stage s10 above.
Nutrient calibration: Include --substances "N P" in setup_calibration.py to calibrate NPC parameters jointly with hydrology
Lake regulation: Tools available — use generate_lakedata.py + generate_damdata.py to configure LakeData.txt/DamData.txt from HydroLAKES/GRanD

Stage documentation (one doc per pipeline stage)

docs/s1_subbasin_delineation.md
docs/s2_slc_classification.md
docs/s3_forcing_preparation.md
docs/s4_geodata_generation.md
docs/s5_parameter_setup.md
docs/s6_lake_reservoir_config.md
docs/s7_execution.md
docs/s8_output_analysis.md
docs/s9_water_quality.md
docs/s10_calibration.md