SQL on FHIR

SQL on FHIR v2 defines portable, tabular projections of FHIR resources using FHIRPath expressions. ViewDefinitions transform hierarchical FHIR data into flat tables for analytics.

Core Concepts

A ViewDefinition projects exactly one FHIR resource type into rows and columns. It contains:

• resource: The FHIR resource type (Patient, Observation, etc.)
• select: Column definitions and row iteration logic
• where: Optional filtering criteria
• constant: Reusable values for expressions

ViewDefinition Structure

Basic structure:

{
    "resourceType": "ViewDefinition",
    "resource": "Patient",
    "status": "active",
    "select": [
        {
            "column": [
                { "name": "id", "path": "id" },
                { "name": "gender", "path": "gender" },
                { "name": "birth_date", "path": "birthDate" }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

For complete element reference, see references/view-definition-structure.md.

Column Definitions

Each column has:

• name: Database-friendly identifier (pattern: ^[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9_]*$)
• path: FHIRPath expression extracting the value
• type (optional): FHIR primitive type URI
• collection (optional): Set true if column may contain arrays
• description (optional): Human-readable explanation

{
    "column": [
        {
            "name": "family_name",
            "path": "name.first().family",
            "type": "string",
            "description": "Patient's primary family name"
        }
    ]
}

Row Iteration with forEach

Use forEach to create one row per element in a collection. Without forEach, one row per resource is created.

Example: One row per patient name:

{
    "resource": "Patient",
    "select": [
        { "column": [{ "name": "id", "path": "id" }] },
        {
            "forEach": "name",
            "column": [
                { "name": "family", "path": "family" },
                { "name": "given", "path": "given.first()" }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

forEachOrNull: Same as forEach but keeps a row with nulls when the collection is empty.

Nested forEach: Create cross-products by nesting:

{
    "forEach": "contact",
    "select": [
        {
            "column": [
                {
                    "name": "contact_phone",
                    "path": "telecom.where(system='phone').value"
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "forEach": "name.given",
            "column": [{ "name": "given_name", "path": "$this" }]
        }
    ]
}

Recursive Traversal with repeat

Use repeat to recursively traverse nested structures to any depth. This is essential for resources with arbitrary nesting like QuestionnaireResponse items.

Constraint: Only one of forEach, forEachOrNull, or repeat may be specified per select.

{
    "resource": "QuestionnaireResponse",
    "select": [
        { "column": [{ "name": "response_id", "path": "id" }] },
        {
            "repeat": ["item", "answer.item"],
            "column": [
                { "name": "link_id", "path": "linkId" },
                {
                    "name": "answer_text",
                    "path": "answer.value.ofType(string).first()"
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

The view runner:

1. Starts at the resource root
2. Evaluates each path in the repeat array
3. For each result, recursively applies the same paths
4. Continues until no more matches exist
5. Unions all results from all levels

This produces a flat table with all items regardless of nesting depth.

Filtering with where

Filter resources using FHIRPath expressions that must evaluate to true:

{
  "resource": "Patient",
  "where": [
    {"path": "active = true"},
    {"path": "name.exists()"}
  ],
  "select": [...]
}

Multiple where clauses are ANDed together.

Constants

Define reusable values referenced via %name syntax:

{
    "constant": [{ "name": "use_type", "valueString": "official" }],
    "select": [
        {
            "forEach": "name.where(use = %use_type)",
            "column": [{ "name": "official_name", "path": "family" }]
        }
    ]
}

Supported constant types: valueString, valueInteger, valueBoolean, valueDecimal, valueDate, valueDateTime, valueCode.

Combining Data with unionAll

Combine multiple selection paths with matching column schemas:

{
    "select": [
        { "column": [{ "name": "id", "path": "id" }] },
        {
            "unionAll": [
                {
                    "forEach": "telecom",
                    "column": [
                        { "name": "contact", "path": "value" },
                        { "name": "system", "path": "system" }
                    ]
                },
                {
                    "forEach": "contact.telecom",
                    "column": [
                        { "name": "contact", "path": "value" },
                        { "name": "system", "path": "system" }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

FHIRPath Subset

ViewDefinitions use a minimal FHIRPath subset. Key functions:

Function	Description
first()	First element of collection
exists()	True if collection has elements
empty()	True if collection is empty
where(expr)	Filter collection by condition
ofType(type)	Filter to specific FHIR type
extension(url)	Get extension by URL
join(sep)	Join collection into string
getResourceKey()	Resource ID (indirect access)
getReferenceKey(type?)	Extract ID from reference

Path navigation:

• Dot notation: name.family
• Indexing: name[0].family
• $this: Current context element

For complete FHIRPath reference, see references/fhirpath-subset.md.

Working with Extensions

Extract extension values using the extension() function:

{
    "column": [
        {
            "name": "birth_sex",
            "path": "extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-birthsex').value.ofType(code).first()"
        }
    ]
}

Nested extensions:

{
    "path": "extension('http://hl7.org/fhir/us/core/StructureDefinition/us-core-race').extension('ombCategory').value.ofType(Coding).code.first()"
}

Profiles

ShareableViewDefinition: For portable definitions. Requires:

• url: Canonical identifier
• name: Database-safe identifier
• fhirVersion: Target FHIR version(s)
• Column type: Explicit types on all columns

TabularViewDefinition: For scalar/CSV output. Enforces:

• No collection: true columns
• Primitive types only (string, boolean, integer, etc.)

Design Constraints

ViewDefinitions intentionally exclude:

• Cross-resource joins (use SQL after flattening)
• Sorting, aggregation, limits (apply in analytics layer)
• Output format specification (runner determines format)

Operations

SQL on FHIR defines two operations for executing ViewDefinitions:

$viewdefinition-run

Synchronous execution returning results immediately.

GET  [base]/ViewDefinition/[id]/$run?_format=csv
POST [base]/ViewDefinition/$run

Key parameters:

• viewReference or viewResource: The ViewDefinition to execute
• _format: Output format (json, ndjson, csv, parquet)
• patient, group: Filter by patient/group
• _limit: Maximum rows

$export

Asynchronous bulk export for large datasets.

POST [base]/ViewDefinition/$export

Uses async pattern:

1. POST with Prefer: respond-async → 202 Accepted + status URL
2. Poll status URL until complete
3. Download results from output URLs

Key parameters:

• view: One or more ViewDefinitions to export
• _format: Output format
• patient, group, _since: Filtering options

For complete operation details, parameters, and examples, see references/operations.md.

Examples

For comprehensive examples including Patient demographics, Condition flattening, blood pressure extraction, and complex unnesting patterns, see references/examples.md.