Android Expert

Opinion and house-rule reference for Jetpack Compose + MVI on modern Android (Kotlin 2.x / K2, Compose BOM, targetSdk 36+). Assumes baseline Compose/Kotlin knowledge -- this file only covers what's house-specific, load-bearing, or shifts year-to-year.

Non-negotiable defaults:

• MviViewModel<State, Intent, Effect> with a *Contract holder. UDF only; no two-way binding.
• State is a single immutable data class; intents and effects are sealed interface.
• Always collectAsStateWithLifecycle(), never collectAsState().
• Type-safe Navigation Compose routes are @Serializable data object / data class. String routes are banned.
• Hoist modifier: Modifier = Modifier as the last parameter with a default.
• Koin for DI (koin-compose-viewmodel), not Hilt.
• One class per file. Full words in names (connection, not conn). camelCase acronyms (updateMfa, not updateMFA).

---

1. Year-to-year shifts -- get these right

• Compose Compiler is a Gradle plugin (org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.compose). Do NOT add androidx.compose.compiler:compiler or set kotlinCompilerExtensionVersion. Both are obsolete.
• Strong skipping is on by default. @Stable / @Immutable are almost never needed (see section 8).
• KSP2 is the default; KAPT is being phased out.
• collectAsState() -> collectAsStateWithLifecycle(). Plain version keeps collecting while backgrounded.
• PredictiveBackHandler -> NavigationBackHandler / Navigation Event API. Deprecated API splits into onBackCancelled / onBackCompleted with NavigationEventState.transitionState.
• Edge-to-edge is mandatory at targetSdk 36. enableEdgeToEdge() before setContent { }. The opt-out manifest flag is ignored.
• Navigation 3 has shipped alongside existing navigation-compose. Nav2 still maintained -- adopt Nav3 in greenfield only.
• Material 3 Expressive (wavy progress, FAB menus, split buttons) ships through material3; opt in via MaterialExpressiveTheme { ... }.
• Room 3.0 is KMP-first, KSP-only, coroutines-required. The 2.x line is still production on pure Android.
• @Serializable typed routes are the only correct way to declare navigation destinations.

---

2. Module layout

rootProject.name = "app"
include(":app")
include(":core:common")        // MviViewModel, DispatcherProvider, Analytics, CrashReporter
include(":core:model")         // Domain types: data classes only, no Android deps
include(":core:database")      // Room DAOs + Repositories + Mappers
include(":core:network")       // HTTP client, DTOs
include(":core:preferences")   // DataStore
include(":ui:design")          // Theme, colors, reusable components
include(":feature:home")
include(":feature:detail")

Dependency graph: :app -> :feature:* -> :core:* -> (external libs). :feature:* may also depend on :ui:design.

Rules:

• Singular nouns for modules and packages: :feature:home, not :feature:homeFeature.
• No core/util or core/helpers. core/common holds framework primitives. Everything else is domain-grouped.
• :core:model has zero Android dependencies -- data classes + enums only. Liftable to KMP without changes.
• No :data/:domain/:presentation layered split. Domain-driven modularisation: each core/<domain> owns entities, DAOs, repositories, and mappers end-to-end.

---

3. MVI -- the contract pattern

3.1 The MviViewModel base class

package com.example.app.core.common

abstract class MviViewModel<State, Intent, Effect>(
    initialState: State,
) : ViewModel() {
    private val _state = MutableStateFlow(initialState)
    val state: StateFlow<State> = _state.asStateFlow()

    private val _effects = Channel<Effect>(Channel.BUFFERED)   // NOT SharedFlow -- buffers while UI rebuilds
    val effects: Flow<Effect> = _effects.receiveAsFlow()

    protected val currentState: State get() = _state.value     // don't call _state.value inside update{}

    fun dispatch(intent: Intent) {
        viewModelScope.launch { handleIntent(intent) }
    }

    protected abstract suspend fun handleIntent(intent: Intent)

    protected fun setState(reduce: State.() -> State) {
        _state.update(reduce)                                  // lock-free, retries on conflict
    }

    protected suspend fun sendEffect(effect: Effect) {
        _effects.send(effect)
    }
}

3.2 The *Contract holder

object ItemListContract {
    data class State(
        val items: List<ItemUiModel> = emptyList(),         // all fields have defaults
        val favorites: List<ItemUiModel> = emptyList(),
        val isLoading: Boolean = true,
        val isRefreshing: Boolean = false,
        val error: UiError? = null,                         // persistent errors as state field
        val searchQuery: String = "",
        val deleteConfirmation: Long? = null,
    )

    sealed interface Intent {                               // sealed interface, not sealed class
        data class Search(val query: String) : Intent
        data class SelectItem(val itemId: Long) : Intent
        data class ConfirmDelete(val itemId: Long) : Intent
        data object DismissDelete : Intent                  // data object, never bare object
        data class ToggleFavorite(val itemId: Long, val isFavorite: Boolean) : Intent
        data object AddItem : Intent
        data object Refresh : Intent
    }

    sealed interface Effect {
        data class NavigateToDetail(val itemId: Long) : Effect
        data class NavigateToAddItem(val prefillLabel: String? = null) : Effect
        data class ShowError(                               // transient messages as effects
            override val message: String? = null,
            @param:StringRes override val messageRes: Int? = null,
            override val messageArgs: List<Any> = emptyList(),
        ) : Effect, LocalizedMessage
    }
}

Localised messages use a LocalizedMessage interface (messageRes: Int? + messageArgs: List<Any>) so effects carry a @StringRes that resolves at the UI layer. Never stringify at the VM layer.

3.3 The ViewModel

class ItemListViewModel(
    private val repository: ItemRepository,
    private val dispatchers: DispatcherProvider,             // injected, not Dispatchers.IO directly
    private val analytics: Analytics,
    private val crashReporter: CrashReporter,
) : MviViewModel<ItemListContract.State, ItemListContract.Intent, ItemListContract.Effect>(
    initialState = ItemListContract.State(),
) {
    init { observeItems() }                                 // long-lived observers start at construction

    private fun observeItems() {
        combine(
            searchQuery.debounce(300).distinctUntilChanged()
                .flatMapLatest { q ->
                    if (q.isBlank()) repository.observeAll() else repository.search(q)
                },
            repository.observeFavorites(),
        ) { items, favorites ->
            items.map { it.toUiModel() } to favorites.map { it.toUiModel() }
        }.onEach { (models, favs) ->
            setState { copy(items = models, favorites = favs, isLoading = false, error = null) }
        }.launchIn(viewModelScope)
    }

    override suspend fun handleIntent(intent: ItemListContract.Intent) {
        when (intent) {                                     // exhaustive when on sealed interface
            is Intent.Search        -> searchQuery.value = intent.query
            is Intent.SelectItem    -> sendEffect(Effect.NavigateToDetail(intent.itemId))
            is Intent.ConfirmDelete -> handleConfirmDelete(intent.itemId)
            // ...
        }
    }

    private suspend fun handleConfirmDelete(itemId: Long) {
        setState { copy(deleteConfirmation = null) }
        try {
            withContext(dispatchers.io) { repository.delete(itemId) }
            sendEffect(Effect.ShowInfo(messageRes = R.string.items_message_deleted))
        } catch (exception: Exception) {
            crashReporter.record(exception)                 // dashboard sees it
            setState { copy(error = UiError(messageRes = R.string.items_message_delete_failed)) }
        }
    }
}

3.4 The screen composable

@Composable
fun ItemListScreen(
    onNavigateToDetail: (Long) -> Unit,                     // nav callbacks hoisted, no NavController
    onNavigateToAddItem: (String?) -> Unit,
    viewModel: ItemListViewModel = koinViewModel(),
) {
    val state by viewModel.state.collectAsStateWithLifecycle()

    LaunchedEffect(Unit) {                                  // canonical effect collector
        viewModel.effects.collect { effect ->
            when (effect) {
                is Effect.NavigateToDetail -> onNavigateToDetail(effect.itemId)
                is Effect.ShowError -> bannerState.show(effect.resolve(context))
            }
        }
    }

    ItemListContent(state = state, onIntent = viewModel::dispatch, modifier = Modifier.fillMaxSize())
}

Split stateful Screen from stateless Content. Content(state, onIntent, modifier) is what previews and tests drive.

3.5 Composable parameter ordering (non-negotiable)

@Composable
fun ChoiceButton(
    text: String,                       // 1. required data
    onClick: () -> Unit,                // 2. required callbacks
    isSelected: Boolean = false,        // 3. optional data with defaults
    modifier: Modifier = Modifier,      // 4. modifier ALWAYS last
) { ... }
// content: @Composable () -> Unit comes AFTER modifier as trailing lambda

---

4. DispatcherProvider

interface DispatcherProvider {
    val main: CoroutineDispatcher       // always Dispatchers.Main.immediate, not .Main
    val io: CoroutineDispatcher
    val default: CoroutineDispatcher
}

class DefaultDispatcherProvider : DispatcherProvider {
    override val main = Dispatchers.Main.immediate
    override val io = Dispatchers.IO
    override val default = Dispatchers.Default
}

In tests, supply an object returning StandardTestDispatcher / UnconfinedTestDispatcher for all three.

---

5. Flow patterns -- the idioms you need

// Merge sources into UI state:
combine(searchQuery.debounce(300).distinctUntilChanged(), reachability) { q, reach ->
    buildUiModel(q, reach)
}.onEach { setState { copy(models = it) } }.launchIn(viewModelScope)

// Switch flow on new input (cancels prior):
queryFlow.flatMapLatest { q -> repository.search(q) }

// Read-only derived StateFlow (no VM mutation):
val uiState: StateFlow<UiState> = repository.observe()
    .map { it.toUiState() }
    .stateIn(viewModelScope, SharingStarted.WhileSubscribed(5_000), UiState.Loading)

// Debounce without dropping first emission:
val debouncedKey = merge(keyFlow.take(1), keyFlow.drop(1).debounce(400))

WhileSubscribed(5_000) is the canonical started strategy -- 5 seconds covers config changes without keeping upstream hot forever. flowOn applies upstream only.

---

6. Navigation

6.1 Today: Navigation Compose + type-safe routes

Routes are always @Serializable data object / data class, never strings.

@Serializable data object ItemListRoute
@Serializable data class ItemDetailRoute(val itemId: Long)

fun NavGraphBuilder.itemsNavGraph(navController: NavController) {
    composable<ItemListRoute> {
        ItemListScreen(
            onNavigateToDetail = { navController.navigate(ItemDetailRoute(it)) },
        )
    }
    composable<ItemDetailRoute> { entry ->
        val route = entry.toRoute<ItemDetailRoute>()
        ItemDetailScreen(itemId = route.itemId, onNavigateBack = { navController.popBackStack() })
    }
}

• One XxxNavigation.kt per feature with routes + NavGraphBuilder.xxxNavGraph(...). :app wires them in AppNavHost.
• Apply org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.serialization at every module declaring routes.

6.2 Navigation3 (stable, 1.0)

Back stack is a plain SnapshotStateList<NavKey> -- add, removeLastOrNull, replaceAll directly.

@Serializable sealed interface HomeRoute : NavKey {
    @Serializable data object Feed : HomeRoute
    @Serializable data class Detail(val id: String) : HomeRoute
}

@Composable
fun AppNavHost() {
    val backStack = rememberNavBackStack(HomeRoute.Feed)
    NavDisplay(
        backStack = backStack,
        onBack = { backStack.removeLastOrNull() },
        entryProvider = entryProvider {
            entry<HomeRoute.Feed> { FeedScreen(onItemClick = { backStack.add(HomeRoute.Detail(it)) }) }
            entry<HomeRoute.Detail> { key -> DetailScreen(id = key.id) }
        },
    )
}

Dependencies: navigation3-runtime, navigation3-ui, lifecycle-viewmodel-navigation3 (NavEntry-scoped VMs).

Decision rule: greenfield -> Nav3 (verify its minSdk floor). Existing Nav2 -> do NOT migrate reactively.

---

7. DI -- Koin

Koin, not Hilt. Better KMP ergonomics, readable error messages, no codegen overhead.

val commonModule = module {
    single<DispatcherProvider> { DefaultDispatcherProvider() }
    single<Analytics> { FirebaseAnalyticsTracker(FirebaseAnalytics.getInstance(androidContext())) }
}

val databaseModule = module {
    single { Room.databaseBuilder(androidContext(), AppDatabase::class.java, "app.db")
        .fallbackToDestructiveMigration(true).build() }
    single { get<AppDatabase>().itemDao() }
    single { ItemRepository(get()) }
}

val viewModelModule = module {
    viewModel { ItemListViewModel(get(), get(), get(), get()) }
    viewModel { params -> ItemDetailViewModel(params.get(), get(), get()) }  // params.get() is positional
}

• single<Interface> { Impl(get()) } -- expose interface, not concrete class.
• androidContext() instead of injecting Context.
• DO NOT pull from GlobalContext inside classes. Constructor injection everywhere. The ONE exception: composables use koinViewModel() / koinInject().

// Composable injection
@Composable
fun ItemDetailScreen(itemId: Long) {
    val viewModel: ItemDetailViewModel = koinViewModel { parametersOf(itemId) }
}

---

8. Strong skipping and stability

Strong skipping is on by default. Rules:

1. Skipping is per-parameter. Under strong skipping, unproven stability no longer blocks skipping.
2. @Stable / @Immutable are mostly unnecessary. Keep only when the type has an expensive equals() or is in a dependency the compiler can't reason about.
3. Collection fields in state: use List<T> (immutable view) or ImmutableList<T>. A MutableList<T> field destabilises the enclosing data class.
4. Pass only the slice each composable needs, not whole state objects.
5. Read state as late as possible -- Modifier.offset { offset.value } defers to layout phase, skipping composition.
6. derivedStateOf for computed scalars, not bare remember.

Compiler reports for perf investigation:

composeCompiler {
    reportsDestination  = layout.buildDirectory.dir("compose_compiler")
    metricsDestination  = layout.buildDirectory.dir("compose_compiler")
}

---

9. Testing -- Turbine + MockK + Robolectric

JUnit 4 + Robolectric + MockK + Turbine + kotlinx-coroutines-test. No JUnit 5 on the Android side.

9.1 ViewModel test scaffold

@OptIn(ExperimentalCoroutinesApi::class)
class ItemListViewModelTest {
    private lateinit var testDispatcher: TestDispatcher
    private lateinit var dispatchers: DispatcherProvider

    @Before fun setup() {
        testDispatcher = StandardTestDispatcher()
        dispatchers = object : DispatcherProvider {
            override val main = testDispatcher
            override val io = testDispatcher
            override val default = testDispatcher
        }
        Dispatchers.setMain(testDispatcher)
    }

    @After fun tearDown() {
        Dispatchers.resetMain()
        clearAllMocks(); unmockkAll()
    }

    @Test fun `load emits items then clears loading`() = runTest(testDispatcher) {
        val vm = ItemListViewModel(mockk(relaxed = true), dispatchers, mockk(relaxed = true))
        vm.state.test {
            assertEquals(ItemListContract.State(isLoading = true), awaitItem())
            val loaded = awaitItem()
            assertFalse(loaded.isLoading)
            cancelAndIgnoreRemainingEvents()
        }
    }

    @Test fun `delete emits ShowInfo effect`() = runTest(testDispatcher) {
        val vm = ItemListViewModel(repository, dispatchers, analytics)
        vm.effects.test {
            vm.dispatch(ItemListContract.Intent.ConfirmDelete(itemId = 1L))
            advanceUntilIdle()
            assertTrue(awaitItem() is ItemListContract.Effect.ShowInfo)
            cancelAndIgnoreRemainingEvents()
        }
    }
}

Key points: StandardTestDispatcher() + Dispatchers.setMain(testDispatcher) gives virtual time. Pass the same dispatcher to runTest. Fakes over mocks when the collaborator has behaviour.

9.2 Compose UI tests

@RunWith(RobolectricTestRunner::class)
@Config(sdk = [34])
class ItemListScreenTest {
    @get:Rule val composeRule = createComposeRule()

    @Test fun `empty state shows CTA`() {
        composeRule.setContent { AppTheme { ItemListContent(state = State(isLoading = false), onIntent = {}) } }
        composeRule.onNodeWithTag("add_item_fab").performClick()
    }
}

Drive the stateless Content, not the stateful Screen. onNodeWithTag over onNodeWithText. Apply Modifier.testTag("...") on every interactive element.

9.3 Turbine idioms

flow.test { assertEquals(Loading, awaitItem()); assertEquals(Success(data), awaitItem()); cancelAndIgnoreRemainingEvents() }

turbineScope {
    val a = flowA.testIn(this); val b = flowB.testIn(this)
    assertEquals(1, a.awaitItem()); assertEquals("x", b.awaitItem())
    a.cancel(); b.cancel()
}

9.4 Screenshot tests

Roborazzi is the current choice. Combine with ComposablePreviewScanner to turn every @Preview into a snapshot test automatically.

---

10. Theming -- Material 3 + extended tokens

data class AppExtendedColors(val cardBorder: Color, val subtleText: Color, val activeElement: Color)
val LocalAppExtendedColors = staticCompositionLocalOf { DarkExtendedColors }

val MaterialTheme.appColors: AppExtendedColors
    @Composable @ReadOnlyComposable get() = LocalAppExtendedColors.current

@Composable
fun AppTheme(darkTheme: Boolean = isSystemInDarkTheme(), content: @Composable () -> Unit) {
    val colorScheme = if (darkTheme) DarkColorScheme else LightColorScheme
    CompositionLocalProvider(LocalAppExtendedColors provides if (darkTheme) DarkExtendedColors else LightExtendedColors) {
        MaterialTheme(colorScheme = colorScheme, typography = AppTypography, shapes = AppShapes, content = content)
    }
}

• Custom tokens in a data class via staticCompositionLocalOf, exposed as MaterialTheme.appColors.
• @ReadOnlyComposable on the getter skips composer check.
• Use M3 role map exhaustively. Dynamic color optional per project.
• Expressive: MaterialExpressiveTheme { ... } for interior surfaces. Many components still @ExperimentalMaterial3ExpressiveApi.

Adaptive layouts

NavigationSuiteScaffold(
    navigationSuiteItems = { /* items */ },
    layoutType = NavigationSuiteScaffoldDefaults.calculateFromAdaptiveInfo(currentWindowAdaptiveInfo()),
) { content() }

Swaps between NavigationBar / NavigationRail / PermanentDrawer by WindowSizeClass. For list/detail: ListDetailPaneScaffold from adaptive-layout.

Edge-to-edge

override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
    enableEdgeToEdge()  // BEFORE setContent
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
    setContent { AppTheme { App() } }
}

Apply Modifier.safeDrawingPadding() on root scaffold. Cannot opt out on Android 16.

---

11. Data layer

Room

• @Entity + @Dao + Repository + Mapper per table. Domain types have no Room annotations; entities have no business logic.
• KSP only: ksp("androidx.room:room-compiler").
• Suspend / Flow DAOs only. Blocking DAOs are banned.
• @TypeConverters live next to the entity, not in a global Converters.kt.

DataStore

• Preferences DataStore for settings. Proto DataStore only for real schemas.
• Never runBlocking to read -- expose Flow<Prefs>.
• Encrypted values use EncryptedSharedPreferences, not DataStore.

Networking

• OkHttp 5 baseline. Ktor 3.4 for KMP.
• Certificate pinning: pin SPKI hashes of intermediate certificates (not leaf), plus root CA as backup.

---

12. Performance

Baseline Profiles

• Apply id("androidx.baselineprofile") to :app and :baselineprofile.
• Mark UI ready with ReportDrawnWhen { uiIsReady }.
• Add a Startup Profile (first-frame subset) for additional gains.

R8 full mode

release {
    isMinifyEnabled = true; isShrinkResources = true
    proguardFiles(getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"), "proguard-rules.pro")
}

Remove any legacy android.enableR8.fullMode=false from gradle.properties.

Previews

• Always wrap in AppTheme. Render the stateless Content, not the stateful Screen.
• Use @PreviewLightDark, @PreviewScreenSizes, custom multi-preview annotation.
• ComposablePreviewScanner turns previews into screenshot tests.

---

13. Gradle -- the kotlin.compose plugin is NOT a compiler artifact

In Kotlin 2.x, alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.compose) IS the Compose Compiler. Do NOT add androidx.compose.compiler:compiler as a dependency or set kotlinCompilerExtensionVersion.

Convention plugins go in build-logic/ included build. buildSrc is no longer recommended -- invalidates build cache on every change.

Formatting: spotless with ktlint. ./gradlew spotlessApply before every commit.

---

14. Anti-pattern catalog

#	Anti-pattern	Correct approach
1	collectAsState() on anything hot	collectAsStateWithLifecycle() always
2	Suspend function in composable body	LaunchedEffect or hoist to VM
3	MutableList in State data class	List<T> or ImmutableList<T>
4	object Foo : Intent (bare object)	data object Foo : Intent
5	SharedFlow(replay=0) for one-shots	Channel(BUFFERED).receiveAsFlow()
6	Hard-coded Dispatchers.IO in repo	Inject DispatcherProvider
7	NavController inside screen composable	Hoist navigation callbacks to nav graph
8	Passing NavBackStackEntry down	Pull args with toRoute<Route>() at entry
9	remember {} for persistence	rememberSaveable or hoist to VM
10	Prophylactic @Stable/@Immutable	Only after compiler report shows unskippable restarts
11	Chained flowOn calls	One flowOn at end of upstream-heavy section
12	.value on StateFlow inside update {}	Use the reducer receiver
13	ViewModelFactory	Koin viewModel { } IS the factory
14	LiveData<Event<T>> / SingleLiveEvent	VM Channel<Effect>
15	stopKoin() in production	Koin is app-scoped; never tear down
16	Strings in code	stringResource(R.string.foo). Effects carry @StringRes Int
17	core/util / core/helpers	Real domain module or inline next to caller
18	@Serializable route without serialization plugin	Apply kotlin-serialization plugin to the module
19	material-icons-extended in release	Pulls 10 MB. Use individual icons from material-icons-core
20	LazyColumn items without stable key	Always key = { it.id }

---

15. Quick decision tree

"How do I add a new screen?"

1. feature/foo/FooContract.kt -- State, Intent, Effect.
2. FooViewModel : MviViewModel<...>(State()). Override handleIntent. Observers in init {}.
3. Stateless FooContent(state, onIntent, modifier) + stateful FooScreen(onNavigate..., viewModel = koinViewModel()).
4. Register in viewModelModule: viewModel { FooViewModel(get(), ...) }.
5. feature/foo/navigation/FooNavigation.kt -- @Serializable data object FooRoute + NavGraphBuilder.fooNavGraph(...).
6. Wire into :app's AppNavHost.
7. Tests: FooViewModelTest (MockK + Turbine), FooScreenTest (Robolectric + FooContent).

"Where does this code go?"

Kind	Module
Domain type (data class, enum)	:core:model
Repository + Room DAO + entity	:core:<domain>
Reusable composable	:ui:design
Screen, contract, VM	:feature:<name>
MVI base, dispatchers, analytics	:core:common
Nav host, DI modules, Application	:app

"Which effect API?"

Need	API
Collecting a flow	collectAsStateWithLifecycle()
Suspend work on entry	LaunchedEffect(key) { }
Non-suspend setup/teardown	DisposableEffect(key) { onDispose { } }
Computed value from hot state	derivedStateOf { }
VM effects Channel	LaunchedEffect(Unit) { vm.effects.collect { } }
Compose state as Flow (rare)	snapshotFlow { }